Đề ôn thi Đề thi vào lớp 10 Trường Phổ thông Năng khiếu môn Tiếng Anh - Mã đề PTNK-85

The human spine, often called the backbone, is (21) __________ central support structure of the body. It plays a vital role in our ability to stand upright, bend, and twist. The spine is not a single, rigid bone; instead, it consists of 33 individual bones called vertebrae, which are stacked on top of one another. This complex column runs from the base of the skull down to the pelvis, providing a strong yet flexible framework for the body.

Located between each vertebra is a soft, cushion-like pad called an intervertebral disc. These discs are filled with a gel-like substance so that they can act as shock absorbers, protecting the spine from the stress of walking, running, and jumping. The discs are crucial for movement, as they allow for slight motion between the vertebrae. This structure is what allows the back (22) __________ in many different directions without causing damage to the bones.

The spine's design is a marvel of engineering. It has two primary functions: support and flexibility. It holds up the head, shoulders, and chest, and provides attachment points for the ribs and back muscles. If the spine (23) __________ completely rigid, we would not be able to perform simple actions like tying our shoes or looking over our shoulder. Its unique S-shaped curve helps to distribute weight evenly and maintain balance.

Protecting the spine is crucial for overall health. The spinal cord, a major part of the central nervous system, runs down the center of the vertebrae, where it is protected by the bony structure. My health teacher always emphasized that if we wanted to avoid injury, we (24) __________ to be careful when lifting heavy objects. It's important to look after your back by exercising regularly and maintaining good posture.

In conclusion, the spine is a remarkable and essential part of our anatomy. Its combination of strong vertebrae and flexible discs provides the support we need for daily activities while allowing for a wide range of motion. Understanding its structure and function is the first step towards maintaining its health. Proper care is not just a good idea; it is part and parcel of a long and active life.

The world is rapidly moving towards a future where pockets are lighter, not from a lack of funds, but from a lack of physical money. This global shift towards cashless societies is a major trend, transforming daily transactions. Digital wallets and mobile payment systems are increasingly becoming the norm, allowing us to pay for everything from groceries to cinema tickets with just a tap or scan. This widespread adoption represents a significant leap in financial technology, promising greater efficiency and convenience in our economic interactions. [I]

In Vietnam, this global trend is a vibrant, everyday reality. The explosive growth of local "super-apps" like MoMo and ZaloPay has been a game-changer, embedding digital payments deeply into Vietnamese life. Walk down any street, and you'll find QR codes everywhere. Whether at a high-end cafe, a bustling market, or your local bánh mì stall, paying by scanning a code is ubiquitous. [II] This rapid integration highlights Vietnam's unique embrace of the digital payment revolution.

So, how exactly does this seamless system work? At its core, the technology relies on Quick Response (QR) codes, two-dimensional barcodes read by your smartphone camera. When ready to pay, you simply open your digital payment app, select "scan," and point your camera at the merchant's QR code. The app instantly recognizes details, allowing you to confirm the amount and complete the transaction in seconds. [III]

For young people aged 14-15, this digital transformation is particularly relevant, shaping your daily financial interactions. Think about your routine: grabbing bubble tea, buying snacks, or purchasing movie tickets. You're likely already using these apps for such payments. [IV] Understanding this technology isn't just about convenience; it's essential for managing your money safely in a digital world. These apps provide clear spending records, help you split bills effortlessly, and simplify your financial life, preparing you for future independence.

As digital payments become ingrained, is physical money disappearing in Vietnam? While cash still holds a place, especially for smaller transactions or in remote areas, the momentum towards a cashless society is undeniable. Their convenience, security, and widespread acceptance suggest a future where digital transactions will dominate. For the younger generation, understanding these platforms is not just about keeping up with trends, but about gaining crucial financial literacy skills. Navigating this landscape safely will be key to managing your finances effectively.