Đề ôn thi Đề thi vào lớp 10 Trường Phổ thông Năng khiếu môn Tiếng Anh - Mã đề PTNK-30

Glaciers are enormous, moving bodies of dense ice that are found in mountainous regions and the polar caps. To be considered a glacier, this mass of ice must be on land. These natural wonders (21) __________ from the accumulation and compaction of snow over hundreds or even thousands of years. Essentially, they exist in places where more snow falls in the winter than melts away in the summer, allowing it to build up.

The process of glacier formation begins with simple snowflakes. As new layers of snow accumulate, they bury and compress the older layers. This immense weight squeezes the air out from between the snow crystals, transforming them into a denser, granular material called firn. Over time, and under its own immense pressure, the firn recrystallizes into solid glacial ice. The layers of snow build up (22) __________ many years, creating the massive ice sheets we see today.

Glaciers are not static; they are constantly moving. This movement happens very slowly, often just a few centimeters a day, driven by gravity. There are two main ways they move: basal sliding, where the glacier slides over a thin layer of meltwater at its base, and internal deformation, where the ice crystals themselves deform and shift. The upper layers of a glacier are brittle and can crack. However, the ice at the bottom is more plastic and can flow like a thick liquid. (23) __________ of these movements allow the glacier to advance down valleys.

As they move, glaciers act like giant bulldozers, carving out U-shaped valleys which are a distinctive feature of glacial landscapes. They scrape away rock and soil, transporting this debris over long distances. The main (24) __________ of this carving process is the creation of new landforms like cirques and moraines. These moving rivers of ice play a huge role in shaping the Earth's surface, both in the past and present.

In conclusion, a glacier is much more than just frozen water. It is a powerful geological force, made of compacted snow and moving slowly but relentlessly under its own weight. Through their constant motion, they carve and reshape the very land they travel over, leaving behind a unique and dramatic landscape.

Typhoon season is a reality for many coastal regions worldwide. In recent decades, these formidable storms have grown increasingly severe, a trend linked directly to climate change. Warmer oceans provide more energy for typhoons to form and intensify, leading to stronger winds, heavier rainfall, and destructive storm surges. This escalation makes robust preparedness and resilient infrastructure critical for coastal nations, as the cost of inaction, both human and economic, continues to rise. [I]

[II] For Vietnam, particularly its central coast, typhoons are an annual reality, a recurring force that shapes lives and landscapes. Each year, several powerful storms make landfall, bringing potential for widespread disruption, from flooding and landslides to damage to homes and infrastructure. Recognizing this persistent threat, the Vietnam Disaster Management Authority (VNDMA) plays a pivotal role in national preparedness. The VNDMA monitors weather, issues timely warnings to at-risk communities, and coordinates large-scale evacuation plans, ensuring the safety of millions. [III]

For 14-15 year olds, "typhoon season" isn't just a news headline; it's a real-life event that directly affects daily routines. It might mean school closures, disrupted family gatherings, or even temporary relocation. Knowing how to prepare is a vital life skill, empowering you and your family. Before a typhoon, essential steps include assembling an emergency kit with water, non-perishable food, flashlights, a first-aid kit, and vital documents. It’s also crucial to secure your home by checking roofs, clearing drains, and bringing loose outdoor items inside.

Once a typhoon warning is issued, staying informed becomes paramount. Listen to official announcements from the VNDMA and local authorities via radio, TV, or online channels, avoiding rumors. If an evacuation order is given, it is imperative to follow instructions promptly and move to designated safe shelters. During the storm, stay indoors, away from windows, and avoid unnecessary travel. Power outages are common, so having charged phones and backup power sources is advisable. Remember, these guidelines are designed to keep you and your loved ones safe.

Ultimately, facing the storm is a collective effort involving global climate challenges, local community resilience, and individual responsibility. By understanding the increasing intensity of typhoons, recognizing the critical role of authorities like the VNDMA, and actively participating in family preparedness, young people gain invaluable knowledge and skills. Being prepared doesn't just mean surviving; it means reducing anxiety, protecting your home, and ensuring your family's well-being. This proactive approach transforms a terrifying experience into a managed challenge, allowing communities, including students like you, to rebound faster when the skies clear. [IV]