Đề ôn thi Đề thi vào lớp 10 Trường Phổ thông Năng khiếu môn Tiếng Anh - Mã đề PTNK-18

A Tunnel Boring Machine, or TBM, is one of the most impressive pieces of construction machinery ever created. It is essentially a mobile factory that can (21) __________ underground, carving out tunnels with remarkable precision. These machines, which can be hundreds of meters long, are used for major infrastructure projects like subway systems, and road and railway tunnels. They make it possible to build tunnels safely and efficiently beneath cities and mountains.

At the very front of the TBM is its most iconic feature: the cutter head. This is a massive, circular plate fitted with dozens of sharp cutting discs. As the TBM moves forward, the cutter head is constantly rotating, grinding away at soil and rock. The immense force and specialized design of these discs allow the machine to break down even the hardest geological formations.

As the TBM cuts through the earth, a large amount of loose rock and soil, known as 'muck', is created. This material falls onto a conveyor belt that runs through the length of the machine so that it can be transported back to the tunnel entrance. The system must carry out this removal process continuously to prevent the machine from getting blocked and to clear the path ahead.

Simultaneously, at the rear of the TBM, a different but equally important process is happening. A robotic arm called a segment erector carefully picks up pre-made concrete segments and installs them to form a ring, creating the permanent tunnel wall. A site manager once explained that the machine handled this task with great accuracy. This dual-action design allows the TBM to continue (22) __________ forward while securing the tunnel behind it.

TBMs have truly revolutionized modern construction. If these incredible machines did not exist, building long tunnels (23) __________ significantly slower and more hazardous. While they make the impossible possible, operating a TBM is an extremely complex and demanding job that requires a huge team of skilled engineers and technicians. It is definitely not always a (24) __________.

In the digital world, creating an online identity often involves more than just sharing your real name. From competitive gaming to online forums, it's common practice to adopt a pseudonym or unique username, often paired with a vibrant custom avatar. This choice to present a persona different from one's real-world self is almost second nature for many. It raises an interesting question: is this playful exploration and privacy, or a way to hide from accountability? [I]

For many, the appeal lies in sheer fun and creative freedom. An avatar allows visual representation of your personality, an alter ego, or even a fantastical creature, unconstrained by real-world appearances. Similarly, a fake name, or 'gamertag,' provides detachment, enabling users to experiment with different personas and interact more freely. This also protects personal privacy, preventing real-world identities from being easily linked to online activities – crucial for young people. [II]

However, this anonymity, while offering freedom, can also have a downside. The shield of an avatar and a pseudonym can sometimes reduce a user's sense of accountability. When actions aren't directly linked to a real identity, there's a risk of engaging in behavior one wouldn't in person. This can range from harmless trolling to serious issues like cyberbullying or spreading misinformation. The line between creative expression and hiding true intentions or evading consequences can become blurred, posing challenges for online communities.

This phenomenon is particularly prominent within Vietnam's vibrant and extensive gaming community. [III] This isn't just an occasional choice; it's an expected part of joining the digital landscape, a default mode of engagement. It underscores how deeply integrated this practice is into the online social fabric for countless Vietnamese teenagers. [IV]

Ultimately, using an avatar and a fake name is a nuanced practice embodying both the liberative and challenging aspects of online interaction. While it offers unparalleled opportunities for self-expression, privacy, and community building, it also demands a heightened sense of personal responsibility. Understanding the distinction between having fun and potentially hiding requires critical thinking. Navigating these digital identities thoughtfully ensures the online world remains a space for creativity and positive engagement for everyone.