Đề ôn thi Đề thi vào lớp 10 Trường THPT Chuyên KHXH môn Tiếng Anh - Mã đề KHXH-55

The ancient Romans were famous for their engineering skills and grand constructions. Their cities featured magnificent temples, public baths, and arenas that still stand today. One of their most (35) __________ innovations was the semicircular arch, a simple but revolutionary design. This structure fundamentally changed how buildings were designed and constructed across the Roman Empire.

Before the arch, builders used a simple post-and-lintel system, which involved placing a horizontal beam across two vertical posts. This method had significant limitations, especially for creating wide openings. The Roman arch was a (36) __________ solution because it could span much wider distances without needing many columns for support.

The secret to the arch's strength lies in how it distributes pressure. It was built using several wedge-shaped stones, called voussoirs, which were placed in a curved line. When weight was put on the arch, the stones pushed against each other, directing the pressure sideways and then down into the ground. (37) __________ meant that no single stone carried too much weight. The most (38) __________ piece was the keystone, the final wedge-shaped stone placed at the top of the arch.

The keystone locked all the other stones into position. Without it, the entire structure (39) __________ collapse under pressure. (40) __________ did this design allow for bigger and stronger buildings, but it also enabled the construction of enormous aqueducts that carried water for many kilometers. These structures helped the Romans (41) __________ a massive and sophisticated empire.

(42) __________, the Roman arch was more than just an architectural feature. It was a foundational technology that demonstrated a deep understanding of physics and materials. The principles behind the Roman arch, which are based on managing compression and tension, continue to influence engineering and architecture to this very day.

You scroll through TikTok and see it again: a perfectly synchronized dance cover to Sơn Tùng M-TP’s latest hit. Or perhaps it’s a fan-made video montage celebrating a favorite V-Pop artist, with their chart-topping song playing in the background. This is the heart of modern fan culture – creative, engaging, and shared instantly with millions. But behind the fun of remixing and sharing lies a complex world of rules. While using a popular song seems harmless, it can raise serious questions about ownership and creativity. When does expressing appreciation for an artist cross the line into unauthorized use of their work?

At the core of this issue is copyright, the legal right that creators have over their original works, including music. This means the artist and their record label control who can copy, distribute, and perform their songs. Platforms like YouTube and TikTok have sophisticated systems, like Content ID, that scan uploads to detect copyrighted content. When a V-Pop hit is used without permission, these systems can automatically flag the video. The consequences can range from the audio being muted to the entire video being taken down. In some cases, any advertising revenue the video makes is redirected to the original copyright holder, not the fan who created the video.

However, the situation isn't completely black and white. There is a legal concept called “Fair Use” (or “Fair Dealing” in some countries) that allows for the limited use of copyrighted material without permission for purposes like commentary, criticism, news reporting, or education. For example, using a 15-second clip of a song in a detailed review video is more likely to be considered Fair Use than simply uploading the entire song with a static image. The challenge is that Fair Use is not a clear-cut rule but a set of flexible guidelines. Whether a specific use is “fair” is often decided on a case-by-case basis, which means it can be difficult to predict the outcome.

So, what should a teenage creator in Vietnam do? The safest option is to use music from the official audio libraries provided by TikTok and YouTube, as these songs are licensed for use on the platform. If you are determined to use a specific V-Pop track, your use should be 'transformative.' This means you add something new and original, like unique choreography, insightful commentary, or educational analysis. Keeping clips short and always giving credit to the original artist are also good practices. While giving credit doesn't provide legal protection, it shows respect and is a key part of being a responsible digital citizen. Balancing your creativity with respect for artists is the key to thriving in the online world.