Đề ôn thi Đề thi vào lớp 10 Trường THPT Chuyên KHXH môn Tiếng Anh - Mã đề KHXH-122

The Earth's rocks are in a constant state of change. This slow and continuous process, known as the rock cycle, describes how rocks are created, broken down, and reformed over millions of years. The (35) __________ of a rock from one type to another is driven by various geological forces. The three main types of rock—igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic—are all connected through this incredible cycle, each one capable of turning into another.

The cycle often begins with igneous rock, which is formed from magma. This melted rock, or magma, (36) __________ rise to the surface during a volcanic eruption, where it is called lava. As the lava cools, it (37) __________ into solid rock. Granite and basalt are common examples of igneous rocks, formed from the cooling of molten material either deep within the Earth's crust or on its surface.

Over time, weathering and erosion break down all types of rock into smaller pieces called sediments. These sediments are transported by wind and water and deposited in layers. (38) __________, which is called lithification, gradually cements these layers together. Only through immense pressure (39) __________ these tiny particles become a single, solid rock. Sandstone and limestone are well-known types of sedimentary rock.

Any rock type, including igneous and sedimentary, can become a metamorphic rock if it is subjected to intense heat and pressure deep within the Earth. The original rock does not melt but instead its minerals (40) __________ a transformation, changing its structure and appearance. Metamorphic rocks are often (41) __________ than the original rocks from which they were formed. For example, limestone can be transformed into marble.

(42) __________, the rock cycle demonstrates that rocks are not static but are constantly being changed and recycled. An igneous rock can be eroded into sediment, which forms sedimentary rock, which can then be changed by pressure into metamorphic rock, and this rock might eventually melt to become magma again. The cycle has no beginning and no end, illustrating the dynamic nature of our planet.

From the stylish sneakers on your feet to the classic bag you carry, leather is a dominant material in the fashion world. However, traditional leather production has a significant environmental footprint, requiring vast amounts of land and water, and raises ethical questions about animal welfare. As consumers, especially young people, become more aware of these issues, a groundbreaking solution is emerging from the world of biotechnology: lab-grown leather.

So, what exactly is this futuristic material? Instead of coming from animals, bio-leather is created in a laboratory using microorganisms. Scientists use cells from sources like mushroom roots (mycelium) or yeast, which are placed in a nutrient-rich liquid. In this controlled environment, the cells multiply and form a sheet-like material. These sheets are then cultivated and processed to mimic the texture and strength of conventional leather. The entire process represents a significant shift from traditional farming to cellular agriculture.

The advantages of this new bio-leather are compelling. The most obvious is the ethical benefit: no animals are harmed. Environmentally, the process promises to use far less water, land, and fewer harsh chemicals than traditional tanning. This new bio-leather is also incredibly versatile. It can be engineered to have specific qualities, such as extra durability, water resistance, or even different colors and textures, offering designers new creative possibilities.

Despite its promise, lab-grown leather faces several hurdles before it can become mainstream. The primary challenge is the high cost of production, which makes the final products more expensive than their traditional counterparts. Scaling up the technology from small lab batches to large, factory-level production is another significant obstacle. Finally, there's the question of consumer acceptance: will people be willing to embrace a material grown in a lab for their high-fashion items?

This global trend is particularly relevant for countries like Vietnam, which has a large and well-established leather and footwear industry. While this sector currently relies heavily on traditional animal leather, local innovators and fashion brands are watching the development of bio-leather closely. They see it as a potential pathway to more sustainable production in the future, allowing them to compete in an increasingly eco-conscious global market.

In conclusion, lab-grown leather stands at the intersection of fashion, technology, and sustainability. While challenges in cost and scale remain, its potential to offer a stylish, high-performance, and animal-friendly alternative is undeniable. For the next generation of consumers, it represents a future where your favorite accessories can be both chic and conscious.