Đề Tiếng Anh ôn thi tốt nghiệp THPT năm 2025- Mã đề thi THPT-54

(18) __________. It serves as the control center for our thoughts, emotions, movements, and bodily functions. (19) __________, the brain operates like a vast, intricate network constantly sending and receiving electrochemical signals. This network allows for remarkable feats, from recognizing faces and processing language to orchestrating complex movements like playing a musical instrument.

Understanding the brain's structure is key to unraveling its mysteries. It can be broadly divided into three main parts: the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brainstem. The cerebrum, the largest part, is responsible for higher-level cognitive functions, including language, memory, and reasoning. (20) __________, the cerebellum coordinates movement and balance. Meanwhile, the brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord, relaying crucial information and controlling essential bodily functions such as breathing and heart rate.

The brain's intricate workings are further illustrated by its division into specialized areas. For instance, (21) __________, plays a crucial role in our personalities and executive functions. The parietal lobe processes sensory information like touch and temperature, while the occipital lobe handles visual information. The temporal lobe, meanwhile, plays a key role in auditory processing, memory, and language comprehension.

(22) __________. Its remarkable complexity allows us to learn, adapt, and experience the world around us in profound ways. While our understanding of this intricate organ continues to evolve, one thing remains clear: the brain's remarkable capabilities continue to fascinate and inspire scientists and laymen alike.

Maritime history is vast, encompassing millennia of human interaction with the sea. From the rudimentary reed boats of ancient Egypt to the mighty warships of the Roman Empire, civilizations have utilized waterways for exploration, trade, and warfare. The invention of the compass and astrolabe, along with advancements in shipbuilding, facilitated longer voyages and fueled the Age of Exploration. This era witnessed European powers traversing the globe, establishing new trade routes, and forever altering the course of history.

The Industrial Revolution brought forth a new era in shipping, characterized by the transition from sail to steam power. The first commercially successful steamboat, Robert Fulton's Clermont, revolutionized water travel in 1807. This innovation paved the way for larger, faster vessels capable of transporting greater quantities of cargo and passengers. The development of the screw propeller and the compound steam engine further enhanced the efficiency and reliability of these ships.

The 20th century witnessed another major shift in maritime technology with the advent of containerization. This system, involving the use of standardized shipping containers, revolutionized cargo handling, significantly reducing loading and unloading times. The introduction of specialized cargo ships, such as oil tankers and bulk carriers, further streamlined maritime transportation. Today, massive container ships, some capable of carrying over 20,000 twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs), traverse the globe, facilitating international trade on an unprecedented scale.

Modern shipping is a complex and interconnected system vital to the global economy. It faces numerous challenges, including concerns about environmental sustainability, piracy, and geopolitical tensions. Nonetheless, advancements in technology, such as autonomous ships and digitalization, hold the potential to further transform the industry, making it more efficient, sustainable, and resilient in the years to come.

[I] The evolution of language, a defining characteristic of humanity, is shrouded in mystery, with its origins stretching back tens of thousands of years. [II] The increasing complexity of social interactions within early human groups likely gave rise to the need for more sophisticated communication, pushing the development of language forward. [III] This co-evolution of brain and social structure played a vital role in shaping the communicative abilities that set us apart from other species. [IV]

These early forms of language were likely rudimentary, consisting of gestures, vocalizations, and simple words representing concrete objects or actions. This proto-language gradually evolved, incorporating more abstract concepts and grammatical structures. Evidence for this progression can be seen in the development of tools and symbolic art, which suggest an increasing capacity for abstract thought and representation, crucial for complex language. The development of agriculture and settled communities further accelerated the evolution of language, as the need for cooperation and information sharing became even more critical.

One key aspect of language evolution is the emergence of language-specific brain regions. As language became more complex, specific areas of the brain, like Broca's area, specialized in processing grammatical structures and producing speech. This specialization allowed for more efficient and nuanced communication. Simultaneously, the vocal tract also underwent evolutionary changes, enabling the production of a wider range of sounds and contributing to the diversity of languages we see today. The interplay between brain development, vocal adaptation, and social pressures shaped the trajectory of language evolution.

Despite the challenges in reconstructing the precise path of language evolution, studying existing languages, their relationships, and the fossil record provides valuable insights. By comparing different languages and their structures, linguists can trace back common ancestries and reconstruct proto-languages, offering glimpses into the past. Further research into the genetic and neurological underpinnings of language promises to further illuminate this fascinating aspect of human evolution.