Đề Tiếng Anh ôn thi tốt nghiệp THPT năm 2025- Mã đề thi THPT-52

Rio de Janeiro, affectionately dubbed "The Marvelous City," is a vibrant tapestry of natural beauty and urban dynamism. Nestled between lush mountains and the azure Atlantic Ocean, Rio's iconic landscape is instantly recognizable. (18) __________, stands atop Corcovado Mountain, his outstretched arms seemingly embracing the sprawling metropolis below. Sugarloaf Mountain, accessible by cable car, offers equally breathtaking panoramic views of the city's famed beaches, including Copacabana and Ipanema.

Beyond its stunning scenery, Rio pulsates with an infectious energy, most notably evident during its world-renowned Carnival. Held annually in the lead-up to Lent, (19) __________, transforms the city into a sea of music, dance, and revelry. Samba, Brazil's signature musical genre, infuses daily life in Rio, from neighborhood bars to the steps of the Selarón Stairs, a vibrant public art installation (20) __________.

(21) __________. Poverty and inequality persist, and the city has struggled to address issues of crime and violence. However, the spirit of the Carioca, as Rio's residents are known, remains resilient. Known for their warmth, humor, and zest for life, Cariocas contribute to the city's unique cultural fabric, a blend of African, European, and indigenous influences.

(22) __________. It is a place where natural splendor coexists with urban grit, where joy and hardship are intertwined, and where the rhythms of samba provide a constant, pulsing heartbeat. For those fortunate enough to experience its magic, Rio de Janeiro truly lives up to its moniker, "The Marvelous City."

The story of human evolution is profoundly dynamic. From our early ancestors in Africa to the modern humans spread across the globe, our lineage has been shaped by countless adaptations over millions of years. We developed bipedalism, freeing our hands for tool use. Our brains grew larger, enabling complex social structures and problem-solving abilities. Each change, driven by natural selection, equipped us to thrive in diverse environments and ultimately led to the emergence of Homo sapiens, our species, around 300,000 years ago.

While we often discuss human evolution in the past tense, it's crucial to remember that it is an ongoing process. Even today, our species continues to adapt to changing environments and lifestyles. For example, the persistence of lactase persistence, the ability to digest milk into adulthood, in certain populations demonstrates how cultural practices, such as dairy farming, can influence our biology. Similarly, studies suggest that our immune systems are evolving in response to diseases, and our jaws and teeth are adapting to softer diets.

Looking towards the future, predicting the trajectory of human evolution is a complex endeavor. While natural selection remains a driving force, advancements in technology, medicine, and our understanding of genetics introduce new possibilities. Will our reliance on technology lead to physical changes, such as reduced muscle mass or altered sensory perception? Will medical interventions impact our genetic makeup and the traits passed down to future generations?

These questions remain open, but one thing is certain: human evolution is unstoppable. Just as our ancestors adapted to the challenges of their time, future generations will continue to evolve in response to the changing world around them. Understanding the forces shaping our species, both past and present, is not just an academic exercise but a crucial step in navigating the future and ensuring the continued success of Homo sapiens.

Ethics play a crucial role in scientific research, guiding researchers to conduct their work with integrity and responsibility. [I] This includes adhering to ethical guidelines related to data collection, experimental design, and the treatment of human or animal subjects. [II] Neglecting ethical considerations can lead to skewed results, fabricated findings, and potentially dangerous applications of scientific discoveries. [III] A strong ethical foundation helps ensure that research is conducted for the benefit of society and upholds the values of honesty and transparency. [IV]

The consequences of unethical scientific practices can be severe. The infamous Tuskegee Syphilis Study, for instance, withheld treatment from African American men with syphilis for decades, resulting in preventable deaths and suffering. This egregious violation of ethical principles not only caused immense harm to the participants and their families but also eroded public trust in scientific research, particularly within marginalized communities. Such incidents highlight the importance of robust ethical guidelines and oversight to prevent exploitation and protect vulnerable populations. Furthermore, unethical research can damage the credibility of the scientific community as a whole, making it more difficult for future researchers to gain funding and support for their work.

Ensuring ethical research requires a multifaceted approach, including stringent peer-review processes, transparency in data reporting, and clear guidelines for responsible conduct. Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) play a decision-making role in evaluating research proposals involving human subjects to ensure they meet ethical standards. These boards carefully consider the potential risks and benefits of the research, paying close attention to informed consent, confidentiality, and the protection of vulnerable groups. Moreover, fostering a culture of ethical awareness within the scientific community is vital. This involves educating researchers about ethical principles, encouraging open discussions about ethical dilemmas, and providing mechanisms for reporting unethical behavior without fear of reprisal.

Ultimately, ethics serves as a compass, guiding scientific research toward responsible innovation and societal benefit. By prioritizing ethical considerations, researchers can ensure that their work contributes to the advancement of knowledge while upholding the highest standards of integrity and respect for all stakeholders. A commitment to ethical principles is not merely a matter of compliance but a fundamental requirement for building and maintaining public trust in the scientific enterprise and ensuring that scientific progress truly serves the greater good.