Đề ôn thi Đề thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh - Mã đề THPT-128

Plate tectonics is a foundational theory in geology that explains the dynamic nature of Earth's surface. (18) __________, massive slabs of rock called tectonic plates constantly move, interact, and reshape the planet's topography over millions of years. (19) __________.

The interactions between these colossal plates manifest in various ways, giving rise to a range of geological phenomena. When two plates collide, one might be forced beneath the other in a process called subduction. This process often forms deep ocean trenches, (20) __________. Conversely, when plates move apart, magma rises from the mantle to create new crust, evident in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge that stretches for thousands of kilometers along the ocean floor.

These dynamic processes, occurring over geological timescales, have profound implications for the planet and its inhabitants. The ongoing collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates, for instance, has resulted in the formation of the towering Himalayan mountain range, (21) __________. Similarly, the volcanic activity and earthquakes frequently observed along the Pacific Ocean's "Ring of Fire" underscore the volatile nature of plate boundaries.

(22) __________. From the highest mountains to the deepest ocean trenches, plate interactions continue to shape and reshape the planet's surface, influencing its geography, climate, and the distribution of life itself.

Space debris presents a growing challenge for space exploration and the sustainability of Earth's orbital environment. It encompasses both defunct satellites and fragments from past collisions and explosions, ranging in size from tiny flecks of paint to large pieces of rocket bodies. Currently, more than 27,000 pieces of debris larger than 10 centimeters are tracked by global space surveillance networks, with estimates of millions more smaller objects in orbit. This debris poses a significant risk to active satellites and spacecraft.

The danger lies in the incredible speeds at which these objects travel. Even a small piece of debris, moving at thousands of kilometers per hour, can cause catastrophic damage upon impact. This could disable or destroy operational satellites, jeopardizing crucial services like communication, navigation, and Earth observation. Furthermore, each collision generates more debris, potentially triggering a chain reaction known as the Kessler Syndrome. This scenario envisions a cascading effect where collisions create more debris, increasing the likelihood of further impacts, and ultimately rendering certain orbits unusable.

The consequences of unchecked space debris proliferation are significant. Loss of essential satellite services could disrupt global communication, financial transactions, and weather forecasting. Moreover, the increasing density of debris in valuable low Earth orbit could hinder future space exploration endeavors, making it more costly and risky to launch and operate spacecraft.

Therefore, addressing the space debris problem is critical. International cooperation is crucial for developing and implementing effective debris mitigation strategies, including responsible satellite disposal practices at the end of their operational life. Additionally, research and development of active debris removal technologies are essential for cleaning up existing debris and preventing the situation from worsening.

Environmental conservation is crucial for maintaining the health of our planet and ensuring a sustainable future. [I] Human activities, such as deforestation, pollution, and overexploitation of natural resources, have significantly taken a toll on biodiversity, leading to habitat loss, species extinction, and disruptions to delicate ecosystems. [II] Protecting biodiversity is not just about saving individual species; it's about safeguarding the intricate web of life that supports all living things, including humans. [III] For example, the Amazon rainforest, often called the "lungs of the planet," plays a vital role in regulating global climate patterns and provides essential resources like clean water and medicinal plants. [IV]

The loss of biodiversity also has serious economic implications. Many industries, such as agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and tourism, rely heavily on healthy ecosystems and the diverse array of species they contain. For instance, the decline in bee populations, which are crucial pollinators for many crops, poses a significant threat to global food security. This decline is largely attributed to habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change, highlighting the interconnectedness of environmental issues. Protecting biodiversity is therefore essential for maintaining the stability of these industries and ensuring long-term economic prosperity.

One of the most pressing challenges in environmental conservation is addressing the issue of climate change. Rising global temperatures, caused by the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, are driving a range of environmental changes, including sea-level rise, more frequent and intense extreme weather events, and shifts in species distribution. These changes pose significant risks to human societies and ecosystems alike. For example, coral reefs, which are home to a quarter of all marine species, are highly vulnerable to ocean acidification and warming waters. The loss of these vital ecosystems would have devastating consequences for marine biodiversity and the millions of people who depend on them for food and livelihoods.

Effective environmental conservation requires a multi-pronged approach that involves international cooperation, government regulations, technological innovation, and individual action. Protecting and restoring habitats, promoting sustainable land-use practices, reducing pollution, and combating climate change are all crucial steps toward preserving biodiversity and ensuring a healthy planet for future generations. Ultimately, the responsibility for environmental conservation rests with all of us. By making conscious choices in our daily lives and advocating for sustainable policies, we can contribute to a healthier and more vibrant planet for ourselves and future generations.