Đề Tiếng Anh ôn thi tốt nghiệp THPT năm 2025- Mã đề thi THPT-102

Genghis Khan, born Temüjin around 1162, was a remarkable figure who rose from humble beginnings to establish the largest contiguous land empire in history: the Mongol Empire. Born into a nomadic clan in present-day Mongolia, his early life was marked by hardship, including his father's death and his own family's subsequent abandonment. Forced into survival, (18) __________, unifying disparate Mongol tribes through a combination of strategic brilliance and ruthless ambition. By 1206, he had consolidated his power, earning the title "Genghis Khan," meaning "Oceanic Ruler."

His empire building was fueled by a powerful military force (19) __________ and innovative tactics such as feigned retreats and indirect attacks. Genghis Khan, a shrewd strategist, also understood the importance of logistics and communication. He established a sophisticated messenger system, allowing him to maintain control over his vast territories which, at their peak, spanned from Southeast Asia to Eastern Europe. This rapid expansion brought immense wealth through trade and conquest, but it was also (20) __________.

(21) __________. He established a unified legal code, the Yassa, which aimed to bring order and justice to conquered territories. He also recognized the importance of trade, encouraging cultural exchange along the Silk Road.

(22) __________. His empire's influence on trade, cultural diffusion, and political landscapes across Asia and Europe is undeniable. He died in 1227, but his descendants, following his model of military expansion and strategic governance, continued to expand the Mongol Empire, solidifying Genghis Khan's legacy as one of the most consequential figures in human history.

The Enlightenment, spanning roughly the 18th century, was a transformative period in European history. Emerging from the Scientific Revolution of the previous centuries, Enlightenment thinkers emphasized reason, logic, and individual liberty as the guiding principles for understanding the world and improving society. This marked a significant shift away from traditional authorities like the Church and monarchy, which had long dominated European intellectual and political life.

Instead of relying on religious dogma or inherited social structures, Enlightenment thinkers championed the power of human reason to solve problems and shape a better future. They believed that through observation, experimentation, and critical thinking, individuals could unlock the secrets of the natural world and create more just and equitable societies. This emphasis on individual intellect led to the rise of secularism and a growing belief in the separation of church and state.

This era produced an abundance of influential figures who left an indelible mark on Western thought. John Locke, for example, argued for natural rights like life, liberty, and property, profoundly influencing the American Revolution. French philosopher Montesquieu advocated for the separation of powers in government, a concept adopted by many modern democracies. Through their writings, these intellectuals challenged the status quo and inspired revolutionary movements across Europe and the Americas.

The Enlightenment's legacy extends far beyond the 18th century. Its emphasis on individual rights, the separation of powers, and the importance of reason in public life remain foundational principles for many modern democracies. Though imperfect in its application, the Enlightenment's focus on human potential and the pursuit of knowledge continues to inspire progress and shape our understanding of the world today.

[I] Transhumanism is an intellectual and cultural movement that advocates for using technology to fundamentally alter the human condition. [II] While this ambition could be transformative, it brings about serious ethical dilemmas. [III] Society must grapple with these complex issues as we navigate the implications of such advancements. [IV]

One central concern revolves around accessibility and equity. While these transformative technologies hold immense promise, they could exacerbate existing inequalities. If access to life-extending treatments or cognitive enhancements is determined by wealth, it could create a two-tiered society: one with enhanced capabilities and extended lifespans, and another left behind with the limitations of traditional biology. This potential for a biological divide raises profound questions about fairness and justice, demanding careful consideration of how to ensure equitable distribution of benefits.

Furthermore, the pursuit of transhumanist goals raises significant questions about human identity and authenticity. What does it mean to be human if our physical and cognitive capacities are significantly altered through technology? The potential for genetically-modified individuals, for instance, raises questions about the definition of "natural" and the value we place on it. Some argue that artificially enhancing human traits undermines the inherent dignity and value of human life in its current form, potentially leading to a devaluation of what it means to be human.

Ultimately, navigating the ethical landscape of transhumanism requires careful and ongoing dialogue. While the potential benefits of overcoming human limitations are undeniable, we must proceed cautiously, ensuring that these advancements serve humanity as a whole and do not exacerbate existing inequalities or erode fundamental human values. Developing a robust ethical framework that addresses issues of access, safety, and the very definition of human nature is crucial to responsibly steering the course of transhumanist development.